- Objectives
- Objectives
- Overview
- Overview
- Coordinates for 3D Cad Modeling
- Coordinates for 3D Cad Modeling
- Geometric Entities
- Geometric Entities
- 4.1 Manually Bisecting a Line or Circular Arc
- 4.1 Manually Bisecting a Line or Circular Arc
- 4.2 Drawing Tangents to Two Circles
- 4.2 Drawing Tangents to Two Circles
- 4.3 Drawing an Arc Tangent to a Line or Arc and through a Point
- 4.3 Drawing an Arc Tangent to a Line or Arc and through a Point
- 4.4 Bisecting an Angle
- 4.4 Bisecting an Angle
- 4.5 Drawing a Line through a Point and Parallel to a Line
- 4.5 Drawing a Line through a Point and Parallel to a Line
- 4.6 Drawing a Triangle with Sides Given
- 4.6 Drawing a Triangle with Sides Given
- 4.7 Drawing a Right Triangle with Hypotenuse and One Side Given
- 4.7 Drawing a Right Triangle with Hypotenuse and One Side Given
- 4.8 Laying Out an Angle
- 4.8 Laying Out an Angle
- 4.9 Drawing an Equilateral Triangle
- 4.9 Drawing an Equilateral Triangle
- 4.10 Polygons
- 4.10 Polygons
- 4.11 Drawing a Regular Pentagon
- 4.11 Drawing a Regular Pentagon
- 4.12 Drawing a Hexagon
- 4.12 Drawing a Hexagon
- 4.13 Ellipses
- 4.13 Ellipses
- 4.14 Spline Curves
- 4.14 Spline Curves
- 4.15 Geometric Relationships
- 4.15 Geometric Relationships
- 4.16 Solid Primitives
- 4.16 Solid Primitives
- 4.17 Recognizing Symmetry
- 4.17 Recognizing Symmetry
- 4.18 Extruded Forms
- 4.18 Extruded Forms
- 4.19 Revolved Forms
- 4.19 Revolved Forms
- 4.20 Irregular Surfaces
- 4.20 Irregular Surfaces
- 4.21 User Coordinate Systems
- 4.21 User Coordinate Systems
- 4.22 Transformations
- 4.22 Transformations
- Key Words
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
- Skills Summary
- Skills Summary
- Review Questions
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Exercises
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
Geometric Entities
Points
Points are geometric constructs. Points are considered to have no width, height, or depth. They are used to indicate locations in space. In CAD drawings, a point is located by its coordinates and usually shown with some sort of marker like a cross, circle, or other representation. Many CAD systems allow you to choose the style and size of the mark that is used to represent points.
Most CAD systems offer three ways to specify a point:
Type in the coordinates (of any kind) for the point (see Figure 4.13).
Pick a point from the screen with a pointing device (mouse or tablet).
Specify the location of a point by its relationship to existing geometry (e.g., an endpoint of a line, an intersection of two lines, or a center point).
4.13 Specifying Points. Point 1 was added to the drawing by typing the absolute coordinates 3,4,7. Point 2 was added relative to Point 1 with the relative coordinates @2,2,2.
Picking a point from the screen is a quick way to enter points when the exact location is not important, but the accuracy of the CAD database makes it impossible to enter a location accurately in this way.
Lines
A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between two points. Geometrically, a line has length but no other dimension such as width or thickness. Lines are used in drawings to represent the edge view of a surface, the limiting element of a contoured surface, or the edge formed where two surfaces on an object join. In a CAD database, lines are typically stored by the coordinates of their endpoints.
For the lines shown in Figure 4.14, the table below shows how you can specify the second endpoint for a particular type of coordinate entry. (For either or both endpoints, you can also snap to existing geometry without entering any coordinates.)
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4.14 Specifying Lines. (a) This 2D line was drawn from endpoint (3,2) to (6,6). (b) This 3D line was drawn from endpoint (3,2,0) to (5,4,6).
Planes
Planes are defined by any of the following (see Figure 4.15):
Three points not lying in a straight line
Two parallel lines
Two intersecting lines
A point and a line
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4.15 Defining a Plane. The highlighted entities in each image define a plane.
The last three ways to define a plane are all special cases of the more general case—three points not in a straight line. Knowing what can determine a plane can help you understand the geometry of solid objects and use the geometry as you model in CAD.
For example, a face on an object is a plane that extends between the vertices and edges of the surface. Most CAD programs allow you to align new entities with an existing plane. You can use any face on the object—whether it is normal, inclined, or oblique—to define a plane for aligning a new entity.
Defining planes on the object or in 3D space is an important skill for working in 3D CAD. The software provides tools for defining new planes (see Figure 4.16). The options for these tools are based on the geometry of planes, as defined in the preceding list. Typical choices allow the use of any three points not in a line, two parallel lines, two intersecting lines, a point and a line, or being parallel to, perpendicular to, or at an angle from an existing plane.
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4.16 Defining a Plane in CAD. A point and a line (the edge between two surfaces in this case) were used to define a plane in this Pro/ENGINEER model.
A plane may serve as a coordinate-system orientation that shows a surface true shape. You will learn more about orienting work planes to take advantage of the object’s geometry later in this chapter.
Circles
A circle is a set of points that are equidistant from a center point. The distance from the center to one of the points is the radius (see Figure 4.17). The distance across the center to any two points on opposite sides is the diameter. The circumference of a circle contains 360° of arc. In a CAD file, a circle is often stored as a center point and a radius.
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4.17 The Circle
4.18 AutoCAD Circle Construction Options (Autodesk screen shots reprinted courtesy of Autodesk, Inc.)
SPOTLIGHT: FORMULAS FOR CIRCLES AND ARCS
r = radius
C = circumference
π = pi ≅ 3.14159
a = arc length
A = area
L = chord length
θ (theta) = included angle
rad (radian) = the included angle of an arc length such that the arc length is equal to the radius
C = 2πr, the curved distance around a circle
A = πr2, the area of a circle
a = 2πr × θ∙360, so the arc length = 0.01745rθ when you know its radius, r, and the included angle, θ, in degrees
a = r × θ (when the included angle is measured in radians)
Bolt-Hole Circle Chord Lengths
To determine the distance between centers for equally spaced holes on a bolt-hole circle:
n = 180∙number of holes in pattern
L = sin n × bolt-hole circle diameter
EXAMPLE: 8-hole pattern on a 10.00-diameter circle:
180∙8 = 22.5
sin of 22.5 is .383
.383 × 10 = 3.83 (chord length)
For more useful formulas, see Appendix 3.
Most CAD systems allow you to define a circle by specifying any one of the following:
The center and a diameter
The center and a radius
Two points on the diameter
Three points on the circle
A radius and two entities to which the circle is tangent
Three entities to which the circle is tangent
These methods are illustrated in Figure 4.19.
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4.19 Ways to Define a Circle
Arcs
An arc is a portion of a circle. An arc can be defined by specifying any one of the following (see Figure 4.20):
A center, radius, and angle measure (sometimes called the included angle or delta angle)
A center, radius, and chord length
A center, radius, and arc length
The endpoints and a radius
The endpoints and a chord length
The endpoints and arc length
The endpoints and one other point on the arc (3 points)
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4.20 Defining Arcs. Arcs can be defined many different ways. Like circles, arcs may be located from a center point or an endpoint, making it easy to locate them relative to other entities in the model.
4.21 AutoCAD Arc Construction Options (Autodesk screen shots reprinted courtesy of Autodesk, Inc.)
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4.22 Bisecting a Line or a Circular Arc
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